Germany is the eighth largest producer of wheat. Top three? China, by a big margin, then India, then the land of “amber waves of grain.” Germany grows enough to feed a population that eats 192 pounds of bread per person, per annum. That doesn’t even count the pasta, cakes, pastries, and beer. Yes, they brew vast quantities of Weißbier, or wheat beer. It’s a so-called sour beer, although it tastes plenty sweet to me. Another thing about wheat beer is that by German law it’s a top-fermented beer. For my money, that means less fizz and more flavor. Lots of varieties of wheat beer, which also uses barley in the brewing mix. I had a lovely dark wheat beer last night at the local bier stube.
But, back to wheat. There are great fields of it in this part of Germany and one is right outside my door. German wheat is of the hard winter wheat variety. What’s that mean? Winter wheat is planted in late September through October and not harvested until late July, or August. Winter wheat needs vernalization (cold temperatures), where spring wheat does not. It sprouts, then goes dormant, then resumes it’s growth in the spring. Remember, I said 'hard' winter wheat. The term ‘hard’ comes from the firmness of the kernel.
Any differences between winter and summer wheat? Plenty, but the thing to remember is that winter wheat has more protein (at least 12%) and more gluten. High gluten is best for bread baking.
I’ve often wondered, as I sit on my porch, overlooking my garden and the field of wheat beyond, What does it all mean? All-purpose flour. Cake flour. Organic flour. Whole wheat flour. Cauliflower. Nope, scratch that last one, it’s in the cabbage family.
All-purpose flour is usually a mix of spring and winter wheat flours (hard and soft), meaning less gluten and less protein. Cake flour is a low protein (6-8%) flour made from soft winter wheat. Organic is supposed to mean free of chemicals. Whether that is true or not depends on the manufacturer. I have some Organic Gold Medal All-purpose flour. On the side panel it says it’s made with certified organic wheat, but is also 'enriched' with a lot of vitamins and minerals. Is that bad or good? I haven’t the fainted idea. Are they natural vitamins or are they derivatives from petroleum byproducts and toxic waste. Don’t know. All vitamins are not manufactured or collected in the same way.
White flour uses only the grain, with the bran, germ, and endosperm eliminated; bleaching seems to get rid more of the natural goodness. Whole wheat has all of it, containing many natural vitamins. The downside is, whole wheat doesn’t do a good job of rising without a lot of leavening agents.
Bleached or unbleached? Why bleach at all? Makes the flour white. That's it. In the good old days, bleaching meant the flour was out in the sun for awhile. With the advent of the industrial age and mass production and distribution, bleaching came to be done with chemicals, usually chorine. Recently, unbleached flours have gained favor. I use them.
Lots of information. What are some bottom lines? I try my best to buy organic, unbleached, and unadulterated flour. If you live near a co-op, or a well-stocked health food store, ask them about their flours. Otherwise, I’ll mention two brands, with their web sites: http://www.kingarthurflour.com and http://www.hodgsonmill.com .
For American breads, I offer two bits of advice: the first is, Read the label!, and the second, bake your own bread! After reading the labels, you may die of fright, or you may reevaluate whether you’re truly allergic to the gluten in flour, or to the chemistry set that’s tucked inside your store bought bread, favorite cake mix, or box of industrial strength cookies.
Meanwhile, I’m going to sit on my patio, overlooking a field of grain, and enjoy another Weißbier, made with hard winter wheat and brewed to the highest German standards of purity.
